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8月16日 notes for management 08161.Discuss the traditional and contemporary views of work specialization Adam Smith first identified division of labor and concluded that it contributed to increase employees' productivity and in 1920's Ford applied this concept in his assembly lines.The traditional view of work specialization viewed work specailization as an unending source of increased productivity. However, any good thing could be carried too far. The extreme work specialization may cause some serious problems: boredom, fatigue,stress,poor quality,increased absenteeism and higher turnover, which may offset the economic advantages. And this is the contemporary views of work specialization. 2.Describe each of the five forms of departmentalization. Functional departmentalization groups jobs by functions performed. Product departmentalization groups jobs by product line. Geographical departmentalization groups jobs on the basis of territory or geography. Process departmentalization groups jobs onthe basis of product or customer flow. Customer departmentalization groups jobs on the basis of customers who have common needs or problems. There are two main trends in the departmentalization: the increasing use of customer departmentalization and the use of cross-functional teams. 3.explain cross-functional teams. Cross-functional teams are groups of individuals who are experts in various specialities and who work together.And this book will discuss it more detailed in the later chapter. 4.differentiate chain of command,authority,responsibility and unity of command The chain of command is the continuous line of authority that extends from upper organizational levels to the lowest level and clarifies who reports to whom. Authority referes to the rights inherent in a managerial position to tell people what to do and to expect them to do it. Responsibility is the obligation or expectation to perform. The unity of command means that a person should report to only one manager. 5.Discuss traditional and contemporary views of span of control Span of control refers to how many employees a manager can efficiently and effectively manage.It determines the levels and managers an organization has.The traditional views believe that when span becomes too large, employee performance suffers because managers have no enough time and energy to provide necessary leadership and support. The trend in these years has been toward larger spans of control because of some factors. 8月14日 notes for management 08141. List the different approaches to enviromental scanning There are three main different approaches to enviromental scanning: competitor intelligence, forecasting and benchmarking. 2. Explain what competitor intelligence is and ways that managers can do it legally and ethically. Competitor intelligence is the process by which the organizations gather information about their competitors and get answers to questions such as: Who are they? What are they doing?How will what they are doing affect us? Though some organizations gather the information of their competitors illegally and unethically, most information can be gathered legally and ethically.Ads, promotional materials,press releases, annul reports are examples of readily accessible sources of information. 3. Describe how managers can improve the effectiveness of forecasting. The goal of forecasting is to provide managers with information that will faciliate decision making.There are ways to improve the effectiveness of forecasting. First, use simple methods. Second,compare every forecast with no change. Third, don't rely on a single forecasting method. Fourth, don't assume that you can predict turning points in a trend. Fifth, shorten the length of forecasts to improve their accuracy. Finally, remember that forecasting is a managerial skill and as such can be practiced and imporved. 4.Explain the steps in the benchmarking process. Benchmarking is to search for the best practices among competitors or noncompetitors that lead to their superior performance. Form a benchmarking planning team, gather internal and external data, analyze data to identify performance gaps and finally prepare and inplement action plan and get best practices. 我是大笨蛋嘴笨，不会说话，说错话挨惩罚，活该。 就是有点难熬，写东西写不下去，书也看不进去，坐也不安立也不安。 那个，对于巨蟹来说，冷战是最最最害怕的方式了。 8月12日 notes for management 08121. explain the three growth strategies. There are three growth strategies in corporate-level strategy. In the first place, i should explain what is corporate-level strategy: corproate-level strategy seeks to determine what business a company should be in or wants to be in. It reflects the direction in which the company develops.Then there are three main corporate strategy: growth, stability and renewal. Growth strategy seeks to increase the organization's business by expanding the number of products offered or markets served.Through concentration, horizontal integration, vertical integration or diversification, a company can achieve it's growth stragety. Stability strategy is characterized by an absence of signification change.Though it may strange that a company don't want to grow, sometimes the organization has to do so because of the limitation of resources or capabilities. Renewal strategy is applied when the organization is in trouble and should be innovated. 2.Discuss BCG matrix and how it is used Boston consulting group developed an idea that an organization can be evaluated using a 2×2 matrix. The x axis represents market share and the y axis represents anticipated market growth. Then there are four categories and four kinds of organization locate in different area: cash cows(low growth, high market share), stars(high growth and high market share), question marks(high growth but low market share) and dogs(low growth and low market share). Then the managers should assess their own business and make different decisions according to different types of the organizations. Generally, the managers should limit new investment into cash cows and use the money of cash cows to invest in stars and question marks. At the same time they should sell off or liquidate those dogs. 3. Defind SBUs and business-level strategy Generally speaking, some large organizations have multiple businesses then business-level strategy seeks to determine how an organization shoule compete in each of its businesses. For those small organizations and large organization which have no dieversed businesses, the business-level strategy overlaps the corporation-level strategy. In an organization, those single businesses which are independant and formulate their own strategies are often called strategic business units or SBUs. 4. describe the role of competitive advantage in business level strategies Competitive advantage is what sets an organization apart; that is its distinct edge. The distinct edge comes from the organizationl capabilities: the organization does something that others cannot do or does it better than others can. To maintain high quality of products or services provided by the organization is a way for the organization to create a sustainable competitive advantage. 5.explain porter's five forces model In any industry five competitive forces dictate the rules of competition. Together these five forces determine the attractiveness and profitability of the industry. These five forces are threat of new entrants, threat of subsitutes, bargaining power of buyers,bargaining power of suppliers and current rivalry. 8月8日 八风不动 真真是庸人多自扰，九爷今天脑子有点短路。做好当下的事情那是最重要的，至于以后怎么样，现在就是想破脑袋，也未必就能把将来怎么样。碰到合适的机会就使劲去抓，碰到合适的人就全力去追，碰到合适的学校就专心去念，要坚持自己的想法，认真去做，真要用心做了，抓不到追不着念不上那就拉倒。连这点都要想了半天才想明白，九爷今天真是着了皮相，落了下乘。不还说要八风不动的么......利、衰、毁、誉、称、讥、苦、乐,皆不为所动也。 一地鸡毛之有些问题需要解决 这两天有个不错的机会来换换工作,说实话,我的确厌倦了这儿的工作,没有挑战性,没有成长性,连钱都没有,呵呵.昨天朋友听说我的薪酬,差点倒吸一口凉气,的确太少了吧.可是,现在有个麻烦的事情,我的推荐信都是找这边的领导写,如果我此时此刻换个工作,会对我的申请产生多大的影响呢?更何况去了新的地方,工作肯定会比这边充实,留给申请的时间也会变少.事情有轻重缓急,如果放在十多天前,我真的毫不犹豫地蹲在这里,老老实实地把申请办完,明年出去就完了.可是,人生充满了惊喜,现在我的生活也许会出现改变,我需要考虑的东西也许更多,对原有的计划也许需要进行调整,呵呵,今天上午想得有些头疼,充分遭受uncertainty of circumstance的困扰. Yes,the trick is to keep moving forward, but, what direction? 8月4日 一地鸡毛之聊天 昨天和老顾还有阿康聊天，啊，不，严肃点的话我应该叫丁总的，阿康应该是老头子叫的。阿康也是和老顾共事多年了，想当年我来北京上大学还是阿康和父母一起送的呢。当年他从北京常驻回去时把山地车送了我，军训还没有结束就在11号楼下被偷了，那时实在对清华里头自行车被盗形势之严峻估计不足啊。阿康对我和老顾还是蛮了解的，曾多次和我说过，性格决定命运，门风很大程度上决定性格。比方说老顾，如果不是太“正”，太“胆小”，那无论从政治上经济上场面显然要比今天大得多。我就不多臧否自己老子了，不过我想从性格上说，某种程度上我是更加有过之而无不及的。 聊天的主题没啥，就是股票和开店。股票么，阿康也是做过投行，做过证券公司老总的，眼光和识见都还不错，赚钱就是硬道理么，听听还是蛮有好处的。开店么，我发现人人都有这个念头。我倒是讲了我的八喜冰淇淋店的构思，老顾让我出一份商业策划书给他看看......不过老顾居然说要开就开在恐龙园或者湖塘桥的新开的mall，那我是坚决不同意的。除了南大街和文化宫，这种冰淇淋店怎么开的起来。如果我开的话，我就要开在hgds对过，唱唱对台戏才有意思的么。但是老顾居然对我的健身房计划置之不理，其实除了得找投资外，这个计划显见得比开冰淇淋店有前景得呀。老顾和阿康也各有打算，嗯。 这三年来我对开店也是考虑了很长时间了，甚至于还专门和卜景考察过嘉和一品粥，只是总是有想法没行动。到现在和唐寅卜景的常州攻略没实现，那边还欠着杨阳他们一份策划。嗯，其实我估计我迟早会折腾几个店的，现在我还想回国开私募或者咨询公司呢。当然，还是得先出去，这两天得开始了，抓紧吧，嗯。 一地鸡毛之口号年年变 今年建军节，发现口号又变了，现在的口号变成了“听党指挥，服务人民，英勇善战”。上网查了一下，是胡总书记在长征七十周年那会提出的，说实在的，这个口号还是挺上口的，不信你念念。比江总书记的“政治合格，军事过硬，作风优良，纪律严明，保障有力”来得直接一些。不过么，含义总是不变的，所谓的政治合格也就是说的军队永远听党的指挥。但是含义不变，也得换换说法，不然新领导多没面子。这个事情，上到国家领导人，下到部门小经理，都得这样办。 这里就是把这口号的沿革记下来，不然十年八年后换了口号，只怕我们还就记不得今天的口号了。江总书记的二十字我想了半天才想出前八个字，还是上baidu搜的。 8月1日 如何获得快乐人生(zz 金融界 ) 文：李银河 朋友推荐我读印度大师克里希那穆提的《人生中不可不想的事》，很有共鸣，对此人有相见恨晚的感觉。他给我最大的启发是：人活着，要做一个快乐的人。他使我深思，怎样才能获得快乐的人生。 他说：“一个喜悦的、真正快乐的人，是不费力气生活的人。”“我们的心有没有可能随时都自在，完全没有挣扎，不仅仅是偶尔感觉自在就算了？如果能够达到这种境界，我们就能进入不再与人比高低的喜乐状态。（内心挣扎的原因）不外乎就是嫉妒、贪婪、野心和竞争……当我们挣扎时，起因总是来自真实的自己和期望中的自己之间的冲突。” 从幼儿园开始，我们就被灌输竞争之心，总要与别人比高低。随后的一生一直在与假想的竞争者比赛。别人比自己强时，就难免嫉妒，这就使我们的内心不得安宁。因为在这个世界上，总有人比我们更有才华，更有权力，更有名望，更富有，更美丽。除了和别人比，我们还同期望中的自己比，期望中的自己也总是比真实的自己更优秀，而这样就必须不断地奋斗。 记得我当年考上了师大女附中，那是北京录取分数最高的中学，全班40多人有十几位是双百分（语文和算术）。发校徽时的那种狂喜和得意我至今都还记得。当时有一个非常自豪的意识：在人生的比赛场上，我已经是跑在前面的人了。中学上了一年，突然发生了文化大革命，当然这是全民族的灾难，但是对于我个人来说，它倒是一个救赎——把我从盲目的竞技场上拉了下来，要不然，也许我至今还在盲目地狂奔，一直到累死为止。 克里希那穆提说：“必须有一种深刻的内心朴素，这种内心的朴素是非常简单的，因为此心已经不再争取、谋求，不再想要求取更多。” 我希望自己也能保持内心的朴素，爱自己已有的一切，从人生的竞技场上退下来，做一个朴素的享受者和旁观者，毕竟人生最重要的是快乐而不是其他。 克里希那穆提更进一步说：“到底有没有成就这样东西？还是它只是人类追求的一个观念而已？因为你即使达到了目标，永远都还有一个更远的目标在前面等待你去完成。只要你追求任何方面的成就，你就不可避免地会陷入奋斗和冲突之中。” 在我看来，这些世俗的所谓成就一方面是肤浅的，另一方面也是没有止境的。如果一个人此生的目的就是追求那些用各种各样的世俗标准来衡量的成就，譬如名望、金钱、地位，那他就永远不能停歇，永远没有时间享受此生的快乐。 如果我们的生命不用来追求成就，那么应当用来做什么呢？克里希那穆提为我们提供的答案是：“我们想成为有名的作家、诗人、画家、政治家、歌唱家……为什么？因为我们实在不爱自己所做的事。假如你爱唱歌、画画、写诗，如果你真的爱做这些事，你不会在乎自己是否有名。” 有一次我看到一幅漫画，名望见到一个拼命追逐它的人就躲开了，而一个不追逐它的人却得到了它。这和克里希那穆提讲的是同一个道理。如果你的目的是出名，那么你可能永远不会得到名望。 这个道理其实有两层意思：第一，对某件事真正的爱好是做好它的前提，也是得到名望的前提；第二，对某件事有真正的爱好，才能享受做这件事的过程，才能从中得到快乐。“你一旦发现真正爱做的事，你就是一个自由的人了，然后你就会有能力、信心和主动创造的力量。但是如果你不知道自己真正爱做的是什么，你只好去做人人羡慕的律师、政客或这个那个，于是你就不会有快乐，因为那份职业会变成毁灭你自己及其他人的工具。” 人怎样才能获得快乐的人生呢？我认同克里希那穆提的说法：不与他人竞争，不追求世俗的成就，只是去做自己真正想做的事情。只有这样，我们才能成为一个自由的人，拥有快乐的人生。 一地鸡毛之军歌嘹亮--向最可爱的人致敬新四军军歌
光荣北伐武昌城下,
血染着我们的姓名; 孤军奋斗罗霄山上, 继承了先烈的殊勋. 千百次抗争,风雪饥寒; 千万里转战,穷山野营. 获得丰富的战争经验, 锻炼艰苦的牺牲精神, 为了社会幸福, 为了民族生存, 一贯坚持我们的斗争! 八省健儿汇成一道抗日的铁流, 八省健儿汇成一道抗日的铁流. 东进,东进!我们是铁的新四军! 东进,东进!我们是铁的新四军! 扬子江头淮河之滨, 任我们纵横的驰骋; 深入敌后百战百胜, 汹涌着杀敌的呼声. 要英勇冲锋,歼灭敌寇; 要大声呐喊,唤起人民. 发挥革命的优良传统, 创造现代的革命新军, 为了社会幸福, 为了民族生存, 巩固团结坚决的斗争! 抗战建国高举独立自由的旗帜, 抗战建国高举独立自由的旗帜. 前进,前进!我们是铁的新四军! 前进,前进!我们是铁的新四军! 解放军军歌
向前向前向前
我们的队伍向太阳 脚踏着祖国的大地 背负着民族的希望 我们是一支不可战胜的力量 我们是人民的子弟 我们是人民的武装 从无畏惧绝不屈服英勇战斗 直到把反动派消灭干净 毛泽东的旗帜高高飘扬 听!在呼啸军号响! 听!革命歌声多嘹亮! 同志们整齐步伐奔向解放的战场 同志们整齐步伐奔赴祖国的边疆 向前!向前!我们的队伍向太阳 向最后的胜利!向全国的解放! 向前向前向前! 我们的队伍向太阳 脚踏着祖国的大地 背负着民族的希望 我们是一支不可战胜的力量 我们是工农的子弟 我们是人民的武装 从无畏惧绝不屈服英勇战斗 直到把反动派消灭干净 毛泽东的旗帜高高飘扬 听!在呼啸军号响! 听!革命歌声多嘹亮! 同志们整齐步伐奔向解放的战场 同志们整齐步伐奔赴祖国的边疆 向前!向前!我们的队伍向太阳 向最后的胜利!向全国的解放! 冲啊! 志愿军军歌
雄赳赳，气昂昂，
跨过鸭绿江！ 保和平，卫祖国， 就是保家乡！ 中国好儿女， 齐心团结紧， 抗美援朝打败美国野心狼！ |
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